Note: This is an updated version of this blog: Social Security and Taxes – Could There Be a Tax Torpedo in Your Future? You will find some additional information in this version along with some edits.
What is the Social Security Tax Torpedo? The Social Security tax torpedo refers to a spike in taxes retirees can experience. Whether it happens depends on your taxable income. Up to 50% to 85% of your Social Security benefits may be taxable. How much tax you actually pay depends on your income level and life circumstances.
Let’s dial things back for a minute. Do you know if Social Security income is taxable? This question does not have an easy answer. It might be. But then again, it might not be. In short, the answer depends on your overall tax situation.
To determine the tax paid on your Social Security benefits, you must calculate your provisional income first. You can’t find provisional income on the face of your tax return. There you will see terms such as taxable income and adjusted gross income. Provisional income isn’t either one of those. It includes:
- All income that would normally be taxed (wages, pension benefits, interest, dividends, business income, capital gains, etc.)
- Some non-taxable income (tax-free municipal bond interest)
- One-half of your Social Security benefits
After calculating your provisional income, you will know how much of your Social Security benefits are taxable. The following table can help you determine how much of your benefits may be subject to tax.
Social Security Provisional Income Levels
Unintended Consequences
Even if you exceed the highest threshold in the above table, you won’t pay tax on at least some of your Social Security benefits. Under current tax law, you will not pay income taxes on at least 15% of your Social Security benefits.
In certain situations, increasing your income can have unintended tax consequences. The following example can help you understand what can happen. This handy calculator from the IRS can help you determine if your benefits are taxable. This IRS worksheet can help you calculate your taxable benefits as well.
Don’t forget about the state tax implications as well. Most states do not tax Social Security benefits. Beware. If you live in any of the nine states identified in this article, in 2025, you still have to pay state taxes on your benefits. In 2026, the number of states taxing Social Security benefits will drop to eight.
A SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Sally and Bob are 68 and 70 years old. In 2024, they expect to earn the following amounts of combined income: $25,000 in pension benefits, $1,000 in interest and dividend income, and $500 in tax-free municipal bond income. They also plan to withdraw $10,000 from their IRAs. They will receive another $50,000 in Social Security benefits. That adds up to a provisional income of $61,500 ($25,000 + $1,000 + $10,000 + $500 + $50,000/2). Based on the provisional income table above, up to 85% of their Social Security benefits will be taxable. According to this IRS worksheet, they have a taxable Social Security benefit of $20,875. They also claim a standard deduction of $32,300. Their marginal tax rate – the rate of tax paid on their last dollar of income – is 12%. They have a total tax bill of $2,545.
Suppose the couple has an unexpected expense of $10,000. They withdraw another $10,000 from their IRA to pay this bill. This increases their provisional income to $71,500. Their taxable Social Security benefit increases by $20,875 to $29,375. This means their taxable income is now $18,500 higher! They still have a marginal tax rate of 12%, but the effective marginal tax rate (the tax rate paid on the additional income) on the extra income is 22.2%. Their decision to take more money from their IRA had some hidden costs. Why? Every additional dollar of pre-tax income increases taxable income by $1.85 because it makes more of their Social Security benefit taxable. This represents an example of the Social Security tax torpedo.
The following table summarizes this example:
Social Security Data Table
The 22.2% effective tax rate paid on the additional income stands out. We refer to this as the “Social Security Tax Torpedo.” Recognizing extra income can disproportionally increase your tax bill. It comes into play when your income falls between the lowest provisional income threshold levels (below which you don’t pay any taxes on Social Security benefits) and the point where 85% of all Social Security benefits are taxed. In our example, this would occur when provisional income reaches about $87,000.
Can You Avoid the Social Security Tax Torpedo?
You can avoid the Social Security tax torpedo. It takes planning though. If you have other sources of funds, you can potentially pay the additional expenses without increasing your provisional income. You could improve the result if you can take the money from any of the following account types:
- Taxable savings
- Roth IRAs
- Health Savings Accounts (HSA)
- Taxable brokerage account
Withdraw Funds From a Tax-Exempt Account
Withdrawals from your Roth IRA do not impact your provisional income. They also do not affect the taxability of Social Security benefits.
An HSA can also be a source of funds to cover these expenses. People often don’t realize you do not have to use your HSA for current medical expenses. As long as you have documented your unreimbursed healthcare expenses while you had a high deductible healthcare plan (HDHP), you can withdraw funds from your HSA tax-free. (For more on HSAs you can also see this blog.)
As a result, withdrawing money from a tax-exempt account such as a Roth IRA or a Health Savings Account represents one technique that can help you avoid the Social Security tax torpedo.
Withdraw Funds From a Regular Taxable Account
In the case of a taxable brokerage account, you could pay capital gains taxes on any gains, but in our example, Sally and Bob’s income falls in the 0% capital gains tax bracket. They would still see a bump in their taxable Social Security benefits. However, the overall tax increase would be less than the effect the Social Security tax torpedo has in our example. They would also have some cost basis in whatever asset they sold, which would lower the taxable amount. Selling a security in a taxable account and realizing a tax loss would lead to an even more favorable result.
The impact of withdrawing money from a taxable savings account would be similar to withdrawing funds from a tax-exempt account.
The Benefit of Asset Location
These alternatives demonstrate the advantage of asset location or diversifying the types of accounts you have for your retirement savings. Having accounts that get treated differently from a tax perspective provides benefits in this situation. If you have not diversified your account types – or even if you have – you may also want to consider Roth conversions at the right time. A proactive Roth conversion strategy can reduce your overall tax bill. In particular, you want to consider Roth conversions when you have a lower marginal tax rate.
What About High-Income Taxpayers?
If you are a high-income taxpayer, your other income levels, especially after your required minimum distributions (RMDs) begin, will result in 85% of your Social Security benefits being taxed. But you should still be concerned with how you withdraw funds from your savings in retirement. Your withdrawal strategy can affect your future Medicare premiums.
Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act, retirees must pay higher Medicare premiums as their income level rises. Medicare premiums for the current calendar year are based on modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) from two calendar years previously. (For example, your premiums in 2021 are based on 2019’s MAGI. For Medicare premiums, MAGI equals your adjusted gross income plus your tax-exempt interest.
Income Related Monthly Amount (IRMAA)
The following table shows how Medicare premiums increase as your MAGI surpasses certain income threshold levels. The amount in the right-hand column is referred to as the Income Related Monthly Adjustment Amount (IRMAA).
Medicare – Income Related Monthly Adjusted Amount
For married couples filing joint returns with income of $206,000 or less, the standard premium for Part B applies. If your MAGI exceeds $206,000 by a single dollar, your monthly premium increases by $69.90 for each spouse covered by Medicare. This equates to higher premiums of $1,677.60 for a couple once their MAGI surpasses $176,000. It is equivalent to a $1,667.60 tax increase, as you must pay this additional amount to the federal government or face penalties. Exceeding each of the $258,000, $322,000, and $386,000 thresholds increases a couple’s Part B premiums by $2,515.20. Your premium increases another $840.00 if your MAGI exceeds $749,999.
These rules are akin to another “Social Security Tax Torpedo.” The income-based jumps in Medicare premiums can push your marginal tax rate above 100%. For example, if your MAGI was $257,000 and you withdrew another $2,500 from your IRA in December, you would pay $2,515.20 in additional Medicare premiums plus the tax due on the distribution.
Don’t forget that IRMAA also increases the cost of your prescription drug coverage (Part D). The figures cited above only reflect the increases under Medicare Part B.
Roth Conversions Count, too
As noted above, Medicare uses the MAGI reported on your IRS tax return from two years ago to calculate your premium. (This is the most recent tax return information provided to Social Security by the IRS.) When you retire, you can file Form SSA-44 with the Social Security Administration (SSA) to note this specific life-changing event. The SSA will adjust your income to reflect your work stoppage and retirement. Some other examples of life-changing events include divorce/annulment, death of a spouse, and loss of pension income.
A Roth conversion is not a life-changing event. Thus, if you decide to pursue a Roth conversion strategy, you should take the IRMAA rules into account as well. Roth conversions increase your MAGI for the current year. They also can lower your MAGI in future years, so you want to consider the full impact.
Closing Thoughts on the Social Security Tax Torpedo
Social Security benefits and the related tax implications can be complicated. Social Security benefits are taxed differently than other income. A portion (15%) is exempt from tax. Those with low incomes may pay no taxes on their benefits. Others may pay anywhere from 0% to 85% on their benefits. You want to be aware of the Social Security tax torpedo. Without careful planning and consideration, your tax bill could increase much more than you anticipate when your income surpasses certain thresholds.
When looking at your overall tax picture, you also want to keep IRMAA in mind. While IRMAA is not the same as the Social Security tax torpedo, it represents another way you can pay more than you expect when your income exceeds certain levels.
If you have other questions related to Social Security benefits, you can also check out these: Social Security: Some Key Benefit-Related Concepts and Social Security: Some Questions and Answers About Benefits for additional information.
In the meantime, if you have any questions, please email philweiss@apprisewealth.com or schedule a free call.
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Phil Weiss founded Apprise Wealth Management. He started his financial services career in 1987 working as a tax professional for Deloitte & Touche. For the past 25+ years, he has worked extensively in the areas of financial planning and investment management. Phil is both a CFA charterholder and a CPA.
Located just north of Baltimore, Apprise works with clients face-to-face locally and can also work virtually regardless of location.
